Paralaža in situ

Archaeologist-couple type

2011-01-31T18:43:00.002-05:00

(involves at least one archaeologist)

This mercurial moment, snow outside,
New York winter in full swing.

We’re getting married in three months,
Families will meet for the first time.

It’s Saturday night, after a long week,
We’re going across the bridge to celebrate.

A friend is taking us to The Fallen Woman,
Conveniently then, we get into a fight.

Words are said, the dig is mentioned,
Complexity, patterns, and change.

And then the question: Can you afford
to pay the rent, while gone for the summer?

Life means nothing but pleasure,
Only if you are not in love.
With you I can always
spend the time with delight.

Libiamo…!

If in the mood, try this:
Easy and blue, but lighthearted,
a little behind the beat

F#m A F#m E7
G Bm D F#m

Last verse/chorus
G Dm7 A E7
G Dm7 A G D

via mud-brick.com

Wine and Cheese

2011-01-25T11:33:00.007-05:00

(from mud-brick.com)
Coffee and tea, cheese and wine, chocolate and vanilla, bread and prosciutto, dill pickles and sauerkraut, the list of delicacies goes on. They all have in common the fermentation process. Humans use it imaginatively, so that what starts as a simple change of sugar to alcohol – leads into an array of gregarious possibilities.

Bars and tea houses, restaurants, music concerts, and house parties: were it not for fermentation, would people get together at these pleasure spots? Would places like these routinely exist in the time-space of human environment?

But the gathering spots are not only that – they also cultivate opportunities to create and innovate, which among other things lead to the creation of dependencies (and writing, taxes, civilization…). Without a utilitarian grasp of fermentation process, none of the venues above would have existed as we know them. Nor would we survive winters as easily. And no cinema. Or at least that is how the story goes, read more:

Mr Superman's Maid

2010-07-25T01:16:00.012-04:00

Andrei Voznesensky (1933-2010)

2010-06-05T07:03:00.006-04:00

A ballad - Doctoral thesis

The nose grows
during the whole of one’s life.
(from scientific sources)

Yesterday my doctor told me:
“Clever you may be, however
Your snout is frozen.”
So don’t go out in the cold,
Nose!

On me, on you, on Capuchine monks,
According to well-known medical laws,
Relentless as clocks, without pause
Nose-trunks triumphantly grow.

During the night they grow
On every citizen, high or low,
On janitors, ministers, rich and poor,
Hooting endlessly like owls,
Chilly and out of kilter,
Brutally bashed by a boxer
Or foully crushed by a door,
And those of our feminine neighbors
Are foxily screwed like drills
Into many a key-hole.

Gogol, that mystical uneasy soul,
Intuitively sensed their role.

My good friend Buggins got drunk: in his dream
It seemed that, like a church-spire
Breaking through wash-bowls and chandeliers,
Piercing and waking startled ceilings,
Impaling each floor like
Receipts on a spike,
Higher and higher
rose
his nose
“What could that mean?”, he wondered next morning.
“A warning,” I said, “of Doomsday: it looks
As if they were going to check your books.”
On the 30th poor Buggins was haled off to jail.

Why, O Prime Mover of Noses, why
Do our noses grow longer, our lives shorter,
Why during the night should these fleshly lumps,
Like vampires or suction-pumps,
Drain us dry?

They report that Eskimos
Kiss with their nose.

Among us this has not caught on...

A. Voznesensky (transl. W. H. Auden)

Merci Bon Dieu

2010-02-28T23:56:00.005-05:00

Merci Bon Dieu - or Mèci bon Dié in Creole - by Harry Belafonte, live from 1976.

Thanks Baris.

Mèci bon Dié,
Gadé tout ça la natu poté pou nous.
Mèci bon Dié,
Gadé couman la mizè fini pou nous.
La pli tombé,
Mai poussé,
Toute ti moune qui grand gout pralé mangé.
An nous dansé Congo,
An nous dansé Pétro,
Papa bon Dié di nan ciel la mizè fini pou nous.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCah1xlKluw

Charlie Rouse rendition, brought to light by Jazzanova

http://www.amazon.com/gp/recsradio/radio/B000AOENKE/ref=pd_krex_dp_002_010?ie=UTF8&track=010&disc=002

Muda

2010-02-10T12:13:00.006-05:00

First heard about the concept of Mottainai (regretting to waste) while listening to a story on WNYC radio. I was brought up with daily reminders not to waste food, and I like to think that I extend the idea of no waste onto everything I do.

Early last year though, preparing for something in school, I read a bit more about mottainai, and came across the concept of Muda. Originating in Shintoism, and used notably by Toyota, the thought of it doesn't seize to tickle my funny bone - however cheap and silly the joke may seem. The word muda in Japanese means something like 'waste', 'wasteful activity', 'doing something in vain', so Mottainai means 'regret to Muda'. Best of all, and this relates to how I started to inform myself on the other muda, is that the wikipedia page is titled 'Muda (Japanese term)' - presumably to differentiate from 'Muda (Serbian term)'.

Following from this, on a cross-religion and cross-language platform, Monty Python's song Every Sperm is Sacred gets a fresh nuance to it, an added value.

Oldest watch

2009-10-19T21:02:00.002-04:00

Oldest watch on a painting?

The Science Museum is investigating the 450-year-old portrait, thought to be of Cosimo I de Medici, Duke of Florence, holding a golden timepiece. BBC piece

Kuhle Wampe - Bertold Brecht & Zlatan Dudov

2009-10-05T22:55:00.000-04:00

Found photos

2009-10-03T12:18:00.015-04:00

Found these in a book I bought at Strand bookstore two years ago, a Fodor's Basque Country travel-guide.

They are of a waspy looking couple and their friends on a sailing boat with a dog. Can't tell what the place in the background might be, or even general area.

Eddie Izzard and archaeology

2009-02-20T12:18:00.001-05:00

He has more skits on archaeology, don't know if they can be found on youtube.
Hvala Bebo.

The original Indiana Jones

2008-05-29T11:26:00.005-04:00

As Indiana Jones returns to our screens, John Preston looks at the Nazi archaeologist who inspired Spielberg's hero, and finds a story more bizarre than anything the director could have dreamt of. (Telegraph via kottke.org)

Very little is certain in the short life of Otto Rahn. But one of the few things one can with any confidence say about him is that he looked nothing like Harrison Ford. Yet Rahn, small and weasel-faced, with a hesitant, toothy smile and hair like a neatly contoured oil slick, undoubtedly served as inspiration for Ford's most famous role, Indiana Jones.

Like Jones, Rahn was an archaeologist, like him he fell foul of the Nazis and like him he was obsessed with finding the Holy Grail - the cup reputedly used to catch Christ's blood when he was crucified. But whereas Jones rode the Grail-train to box-office glory, Rahn's obsession ended up costing him his life.

However, Rahn is such a strange figure, and his story so bizarre, that simply seeing him as the unlikely progenitor of Indiana Jones is to do him a disservice. Here was a man who entered into a terrible Faustian pact: he was given every resource imaginable to realise his dream. There was just one catch: in return, he had to find something that - if it ever existed - had not been seen for almost 2,000 years.

What we can say for sure is that Rahn was born in 1904 and at an early age became fascinated with the Holy Grail. At university he was inspired by the example of another German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann. Largely as a result of immersing himself in the Iliad, Schliemann had found what he believed to be the ruins of Troy on the western coast of Turkey.

read the rest from Telegraph.co.uk

France celebrates 2CV (along with Uros Bobic)

2008-05-03T10:43:00.003-04:00

It's 60 years since the rustic, quirky "deudeuche" was offered to an initially unimpressed public and it's 18 years since the last of five million left the assembly line. You don't see many around any more but the intrepid little 2CV is the object of fond memory for anyone lived those decades. If you're one of them and around Paris, it's worth a visit to the show that the Cité des Sciences has just opened in homage to the little car.

In the post-war years, Italy had its Fiat 500, Germany its VW Beetle and Britain, a little later, its Mini. The Gallic motoring icon was la deudeuche, or the deux-pattes (two paws), as the two-horse car was also nicknamed. The 2CV Expo Show offers a parade of deudeuches through the decades, from the austere, grey-only 1948 model to the retro-chic "Charleston" of the 1980s.

read the rest at Charles Bremner's at Times online (via kottke.org)

Great storytelling (via 3quarksdaily)

2008-05-03T09:25:00.004-04:00

I remember talking to Roddy Regan few years ago how the art of storytelling died out, but check out the fab Google Earth novel at We Tell Stories.

Golden State Warriors

2008-03-23T11:35:00.003-04:00

Man, it looks like Baron Davis and the lot are getting tired. I hope it's just a short thing, but it seems like Denver are getting their act together and if Warriors don't win tonight against the Lakers it's going to be hard to hold on to the eighth spot (the Nuggets should win tonight in Toronto).
Although I do still believe the Warriors could climb to the seventh if Dallas continue to fall, Chris Webber is not coming back any time soon, Biedrins isn't healthy, Matt Barnes seems a little out of it lately, and Captain Jack is just not rebounding enough.
A win in LA would be huge.

Charles Simic on the independence of Kosovo

2008-03-22T01:31:00.003-04:00

The Troubled Birth of Kosovo
by Charles Simic

The decision of the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, and a number of other countries to break with international law, which regards the territorial integrity and sovereignty of states as sacrosanct, and to permit Albanian separatists in Kosovo to declare independence from Serbia was an act so extraordinary in international relations that it had to take place outside the United Nations, where its illegality would have been hard to justify. The excuse given for this initiative is that the ethnic cleansing and humanitarian catastrophe caused by Serbia in 1999 exempted the countries that hurried to recognize Kosovo on February 17, 2008, from the rule stipulating that international borders can be changed only with the agreement of all parties.

After congratulating the Kosovars on their independence, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice explained that this was to be "a special case," the sole exception ever to the rule of territorial integrity of nations under international law, and that separatists elsewhere ought not to look upon this act as a precedent. Spain, Portugal, Greece, Slovakia, Malta, Bulgaria, and Romania—nearly a third of the member states of the European Union—were unimpressed by her explanation and have so far refused to recognize Kosovo. They also doubt that the brutal treatment of Kosovars by former Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic is the only reason for the United States' decision. As is almost always the case when it comes to the Balkans, a local dispute has been used by the great powers to advance their own national interests, which have little to do with the desire to have justice done.

"Had Kosovo declared its independence two years ago, when the Russians barely cared about what was going on in the Balkans, the process would have been easier," an Albanian wrote to The Boston Globe the other day. He's right. The Serbian loss of Kosovo was inevitable, not because Serbs do not have legal and historical rights to the province, but because Albanians, after their own turn at ethnic cleansing since 1999, outnumber them there ten to one and have no intention of being ruled by them ever again. Moreover, a lot of Serbs know, though they won't say it publicly, that having two million Albanians who hate your guts under the same roof is not a sensible option.

Read the rest of the piece from The New York Review of Books

The pilot who shot down Antoine de Saint-Exupery

2008-03-19T22:27:00.005-04:00

How a German wartime flying ace discovered he shot down his hero

A German fighter ace has just learned that one of his 28 wartime 'kills' was his favourite author.

Messerschmidt pilot Horst Rippert, 88, said he would have held his fire if he had known the man flying the Lightning fighter was renowned French novelist Antoine de Saint-Exupery (in the photo).
The fliers clashed in the skies over southern France in July 1944.

"He was below me," said Rippert. "I saw his markings, manoeuvred myself behind him and shot him down.
"If I had known it was Saint-Exupery, I would never have shot him down. I loved his books.
"I knew he was a French pilot, but he was probably my favourite author at the time."

Saint-Exupery published eight books before his death, including The Little Prince, which has been translated into more than 50 languages.

Rippert gunned down 28 Allied planes during the war and found out about Saint-Exupery only from a historian who is writing the author's biography.

"I am shocked and sorry," the ex-Luftwaffe pilot said yesterday. "Who knows what other great books he would have gone on to write?"

Via kottke.org to The Mail article.

David Mamet: Why I Am No Longer a 'Brain-Dead Liberal'

2008-03-13T18:53:00.003-04:00

Conversion of David Mamet (via Village Voice & Guardian)

"John Maynard Keynes was twitted with changing his mind. He replied, "When the facts change, I change my opinion. What do you do, sir?"
-----
I'd observed that lust, greed, envy, sloth, and their pals are giving the world a good run for its money, but that nonetheless, people in general seem to get from day to day; and that we in the United States get from day to day under rather wonderful and privileged circumstances—that we are not and never have been the villains that some of the world and some of our citizens make us out to be, but that we are a confection of normal (greedy, lustful, duplicitous, corrupt, inspired—in short, human) individuals living under a spectacularly effective compact called the Constitution, and lucky to get it."

Read the rest of Mamet's essay in Village Voice, and the comment on Guardian's site.

"Raj, Bohemian" by Hari Kunzru (via New Yorker)

2008-03-09T12:15:00.003-04:00

We liked to do things casually. We called at the last minute. We messaged one another from our hand-held devices. Sometimes our names were on exclusive guest lists (though we were poor, we were beautiful, and people liked to have us around), but often we preferred to do something else—attend a friend’s opening, drink in after-hours clubs or the room above a pub, trek off to remote suburbs to see a band play in a warehouse. We went dancing whenever we felt like it (none of us had regular jobs), and when we didn’t we stayed in, watching movies and getting high. Someone always had something new or special—illegal pre-releases of Hollywood blockbusters, dubs of 8-mm. shorts from the nineteen-seventies. We watched next summer’s exploding airplanes, Viennese Actionists masturbating onto operating tables. Raw meat and Nick Cage. Whatever we watched was, by definition, good, because we’d watched it, because it had belonged—at least, temporarily—to us. By the time the wider world caught up—which always happened, sooner or later—we’d usually got bored and moved on. We had long since given up mourning the loss of our various enthusiasms. We’d learned to discard them lightly. It was the same with clubs and bars. Wherever we went would be written about in magazines three or four months later. A single mention on a blog, and a place that had been spangled with beautiful, interesting faces would be swamped by young bankers in button-down shirts, nervously analyzing the room to see if they were having fun.

I must make it clear that we didn’t plan for our lives to be this way. We despised trendies—fashion kids who tried too hard, perennially hoping to get hosed down by the paps or interviewed about their hair. With us, it wasn’t a neurotic thing. We put on public events—salons, gigs, parties, shows. But once in a while, in the midst of our hectic social gyrations, we liked to do something for one another, something that didn’t drain our energy, that made us feel private again.

read the rest of the story here, i thought it was a great, original little tale of consumerism and advertizing.

Travel time: site catchment, isochrones

2008-01-28T18:00:00.001-05:00

Via Infosthetics

A series of travel maps showing the distance and time taken to the Department for Transport in London. the interactive maps compare house prices to travel time, driving vs public transport (in Edinburgh), and bicycling vs public transport.

link: mysociety.org & tom-carden.co.uk

Medieval Mosque Shows Amazing Math Discovery

2008-01-12T12:34:00.000-05:00

From Discover (via 3quarksdaily):
The never-repeating geometry of quasi crystals, revealed 500 years early

The mosques of the medieval Islamic world are artistic wonders and perhaps mathematical wonders as well. A study of patterns in 12th- to 17th-century mosaics suggests that Muslim scholars made a geometric breakthrough 500 years before mathematicians in the West.

Peter J. Lu, a physics graduate student at Harvard University, noticed a striking similarity between certain medieval mosque mosaics and a geometric pattern known as a quasi crystal—an infinite tiling pattern that doesn’t regularly repeat itself and has symmetries not found in normal crystals (see video below). Lu teamed up with physicist Paul Steinhardt of Princeton University to test the similarity: If the patterns repeated when extended infinitely, they couldn’t be true quasi crystals.

Most of the patterns examined failed the test, but one passed: a pattern found in the Darb-i Imam shrine, built in 1453 in Isfahan, Iran. Not only does it never repeat when infinitely extended, its pattern maps onto Penrose tiles—components for making quasi crystals discovered by Oxford University mathematician Roger Penrose in the 1970s—in a way that is consistent with the quasi crystal pattern.

Among the 3,700 tiles Lu and Steinhardt mapped, there are only 11 tiny flaws, tiles placed in the wrong orientation. Lu argues that these are accidents possibly introduced during centuries of repair. “Art historians always suspected there must be something more to these patterns,” says Tom Lentz, director of Harvard University Art Museums, but they were never examined with “this kind of scientific rigor.”

check out the cool videos to see the Darb-i Imam and other patterns

Historical photography

2008-01-11T17:17:00.000-05:00

Just read this one, took me about half an hour, and it's fantastic.
It is a great exploration into the origins of a famous photography (via Junk Charts and Errol Morris' blog), but with a fine archaeological - and also forensic/detective - method. Errol Morris (of Fog of War and Thin Blue Line factuals fame) digs deep to get at the bottom of the controversy, and the whole journey is fundamentally archaeological, with all the intricacies, doubts, and dilemmas that surround archaeological interpretation.
Find here the link to the whole text.

Fenton, Roger. Valley of The Shadow of Death. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin.

Bukovac complete

2007-10-27T16:23:00.001-04:00

July 26th

At the site Bukovac-Ilirsko Groblje (translates as Illyrian Graveyard) in the village Bukovac near Mionica (Serbia), rescue excavations of Bronze Age necropolis-under-tumuli are continuing. During the previous campaigns (2004-6), five tumuli made of deposited soil were excavated.

The excavations this year exposed the central, sixth tumulus that stands out architecturally. At least six grave contexts were found in it till now. The mound is rendered special because of its stone construction-base, over which ceramic urns with cremated body remains were laid. In the next few days follows the excavation of the central space of the mound, under which a focal grave context is expected.

More than 110 years ago - in the area around Mionica - the pioneer of Serbian archaeology professor Mihailo Valtrovic, started the first planned research of prehistoric period in the then Kingdom of Serbia. All the archaeological material and the whole archive from his early work disappeared during the First World War. Most necropolises that Valtrovic excavated and registered have been destroyed through farming and agricultural activity, and the Bukovac – Ilirsko Groblje necropolis is one of the rare remaining ones.

Current excavations are a joint project of the Republic Institute for protection of cultural monuments (Belgrade), National Museum (Valjevo), and Brooklyn College CUNY New York, with full support by Mionica municipality. Research is run by Vojislav Filipovic (Archaeological Institute Belgrade) and Slobodan Mitrovic (Graduate Center and Brooklyn College CUNY)

-----------

August 1st

As it turns out - the previously mentioned “central space” of the Bukovac central tumulus was actually Valtrovic’s pit (late XIX century: he had dug a trench through the center of the tumulus, probably found something and then expanded to dig out that huge pit, photo above).

So we did not find anything in the middle, but after lifting the stone “cloak”, the last urn was found - with burnt bones of a five month old fetus, and a lump of red ochre next to it - that Valtrovic missed by few inches.

The team: Milica Popovic, Milan Veselinovic, Marko Jankovic, Milijana Stamenkovic, Aleksa Janovic, Aksel Ben Sasi, Jugoslav Pendic, Natalija Gakovic, David Bakic, Vladimir Sljivic, Dragan Sljivic, Stefan Trajkovic Filipovic, Srdjan Radovanovic, Vojislav Filipovic, Slobodan Mitrovic.

Moonlight Triggers Mass Coral "Romance"

2007-10-23T12:30:00.000-04:00

Australian and Israeli scientists have discovered the trigger for the planet's biggest group sex spectacle: the mass spawning of hard corals along Australia's Great Barrier Reef. One week each year in spring, after a full moon, millions of corals release eggs and sperm in what Bill Leggat, a co-author of the new study, called "a slow symphony."
But until now how the primitive animals—which lack brains or eyes—synchronized the mass spawning was a mystery.
more from National Geographic

Getting Married Lowers Testosterone

2007-10-21T23:03:00.000-04:00

TESTOSTERONE gradually declines with age, right? Not for the Ariaal - subsistence pastoralists living in northern Kenya. They experience a decline in levels of the male hormone only when they get married. The finding provides a social and evolutionary explanation for the decrease in testosterone, rather than an age-related one.

Ariaal men remain single "warriors" until they are around 30, at which time they marry one or more women. Peter Gray of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and colleagues measured testosterone in 205 Ariaal men and found that those with one wife had lower levels of the hormone than unmarried men, and men with more than one wife had the lowest levels of all (Current Anthropology, DOI: 10.1086/522061). "Testosterone levels are lower among married men probably because they are investing less in mating effort," he says. Or to put it another way, they no longer have to compete for mates.

That link between mating effort and testosterone is made clearer by the fact that the Ariaal have an "aloof" marital system: apart from sex, husbands and wives have very little to do with each other, and men are minimally involved in childcare. In a separate study of 203 married Ariaal men, only three participants cited their wife or wives as a source of emotional support.

18 October 2007, original piece at NewScientist.com news service

The Owners of Machu Picchu

2007-10-21T22:30:00.000-04:00

Found this one through 3quarksdaily:

The Owners of Machu Picchu
Sergio Vilela

When I met Roxanna Abrill, she hadn’t returned to Machu Picchu in years because, she explained, each visit caused her such pain and resentment. It meant having to remember the many things she and her family had lost. It was the summer of 2006 in the southern hemisphere, and the morning she agreed to return, the sun shone intensely in the Andes. We arrived at the end of the line, at the train station of Aguas Calientes, a small tourist town just below Machu Picchu, built in a narrow valley along the flood-prone banks of the Vilcanota River. We walked toward an office not far from the town square, to buy our tickets to Machu Picchu. Or, as Abrill noted, the tickets that would allow her to enter the land she considered to be her own property. She’d never told her story to a journalist before. It just sounded so preposterous.

Abrill claims to be the rightful owner of the land on which Machu Picchu rests—undoubtedly some of the most valuable real estate in the Americas. She was about fifty years old, had never married or had children, in part because she’d been responsible for her family’s finances since her father’s death in June of 1976. He had a heart attack in Lima, while filing a petition to recover a portion of the land that had been expropriated from him. Not long after his passing, Abrill had been awarded a Fulbright to study history in the United States, an opportunity she turned down. Her mother said she would die of sadness if Roxanna left her alone in Cusco, and so she stayed, and has spent much of her adult life caring for her mother. If there is any resentment, she does not voice it. Abrill had worked for years as a curator and historian at the museum at the University of San Antonio Abad in Cusco. In recent years though, her energies have increasingly been focused on collecting all the pieces of evidence that support her family’s claim to its improbable inheritance.

Sketches of time-visualizations (at icastic.com)

2007-10-16T23:49:00.000-04:00

Anyone wants to add own view of time? Check out all the other uploaded visualizations of passage of time, there are some nice ones.

Update to Bukovac excavations

2007-09-02T00:18:00.000-04:00

The previously mentioned “central space” of the Bukovac tumulus was actually Valtrovic’s pit (late XIX century: he had dug a trench through the center of the tumulus, probably found something and then expanded to dig out that huge pit, photo above).

So we did not find anything in the middle, but after lifting the stone “cloak”, the last urn was found - with burnt bones of a five month old fetus, and a lump of red ochre next to it - that Valtrovic missed by few inches.

Nabokov's Gift (from Boston Review)

2007-08-27T21:48:00.001-04:00

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov, to give him his full patronymic due, died 30 years ago at age 78. Distilled to his essential selves he would be, in no particular order, a patrician, a husband and father, a lepidopterist, and one of the most surprising and subversive authors of the 20th century—also, one of the funniest. “Nabokov,” observes his biographer, Brian Boyd, “uses humor to undermine our attachment to the ready-made, to enlarge our sense of the possible, to whet our appetite for the surprise of life.”

(image: www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/98/8.27.98/Nabokov.html)

His humor reflected his soul, for he occupies a rare position in the annals of literature—especially modern literature—as that oxymoronic creature, the happy writer. The torments and angst of a Kafka or a Dostoevsky were as alien to him as the politics of the day. He was happy mainly because he loved being Vladimir Nabokov and he knew that his genius demonstrated the near-infinite possibilities of language and life and art. He cared not a whit for the carping of critics and the sour grapes of lesser writers, and, 30 years after his death, his overall influence as a one-man mission civilisatrice is still growing. He remains the master of the art of beauty in exactitude. Unexpected yet precise words are connected in his writing like the fine, unbreakable links of a silver necklace. Lesser writers settle for second best; he never does. He finds the right word, however unexpected. Any sampling of his work shows this; take a random sentence from the beginning of the story “Cloud, Castle, Lake”:

The locomotive, working rapidly with its elbows, hurried through a pine forest, then—with relief— among fields.

Central tumulus excavated at the Bronze Age necropolis Bukovac-Ilirsko Groblje

2007-08-26T11:57:00.000-04:00

click for update to this brief report.